Posts tagged winter
Ma Nature to dump on Front Range
Oct 24th
Snowstorm forecast for mid-week; city prepares, reminds residents to clear snow from sidewalks
Colorado weather can be unpredictable. Recent warm temperatures are forecasted to change drastically and potentially drop several inches of snow on Wednesday, Oct. 26. The City of Boulder is doing everything it can to prepare for whatever winter might have in store.
Snow removal procedures on city streets
The city’s Public Works Department has snow crews on-call 24-hours a day, seven days a week to respond to changing weather conditions. During snowstorms, there are 16 plow trucks on Boulder streets. Six of them distribute a liquid deicer, four spreader trucks distribute traction materials, and seven can distribute either. Fifteen trucks drive predetermined routes while one “floater” responds to problem areas.
Plows push the snow to the center lane where space is available. If space is not available, the snow is pushed to the side of the street. A liquid deicer is used on both streets and bike paths.
The city also applies deicing agents to streets and bridges for ice and snow control. Streets may be pretreated before a storm to reduce the build-up of snow and ice, depending on weather conditions. The liquid deicer may also be applied throughout a storm to continue melting the snow pack. Spreader trucks put down a crystallized deicer and lightweight, porous rock for traction, where needed.
Snow removal on city streets depends on the amount of snow and length of the storm, time of day, temperature and traffic conditions. Because most snow melts within a day or two in Boulder’s sunny climate and because plowing costs would increase by 200 percent, the City of Boulder does not plow residential streets. Plowing residential streets also blocks driveways and parked cars.
Sidewalk snow removal information
The Boulder Police Department recently took over the enforcement of a number of city code violations from the Public Works Department, including enforcement of the sidewalk snow removal ordinance.
The Boulder Revised Code (8-2-13) states that owners, tenants and landlords must clear their sidewalks within 24 hours after the end of a snowfall. Residents will be responsible for checking with the National Weather Service for specific snow fall completion information. Failure to remove snow before the deadline may result in a summons and/or an abatement process.
Each property will receive only one warning per snow season before the abatement process begins. A warning does not have to be issued in order for a code enforcement officer to issue a summons. Abatement includes the use of a private snow removal contractor to clear the sidewalk; the property owner will be charged a $50 administrative fee along with the contractor’s fee for removing the snow.
If a summons is issued, the maximum fine is $1,000 and 90 days in jail as determined by a municipal judge. The fine for a first-time offense is $100.
For people who are physically unable to clear snow from their sidewalks, the ICEBUSTERS program may be able to pair them with someone who can do the work for them. Volunteers are needed for this program. To volunteer or learn more, please contact the Retired Senior Volunteer Program (RSVP) at 303-443-1933 or email richardvarnes@rsvp.org.
CU study: Lowly worms survive asteroid wipeout
Oct 10th
A new study of sediments laid down shortly after an asteroid plowed into the Gulf of Mexico 65.5 million years ago, an event that is linked to widespread global extinctions including the demise of big dinosaurs, suggests that lowly worms may have been the first fauna to show themselves following the global catastrophe.While the focus on the so-called K-T boundary extinction is often on the survival and proliferation of mammals, paleo-botanical studies show some of the earliest terrestrial ecosystems to emerge were dominated by low-diversity and opportunistic aquatic plants, said University of Colorado Boulder geological sciences Associate Professor Karen Chin. And while sediments laid down immediately following the impact event generally have relatively few animal fossils, new evidence from North Dakota shows networks of crisscrossing burrows less than three inches above the K-T boundary layer.
“Fossil burrows provide direct evidence of animal activity that occurred right at that spot, and these burrows are quite extensive,” said Chin, who said their characteristics suggest they were probably produced by worms. “To my knowledge, such burrows haven’t been documented in terrestrial environments this close to the K-T boundary. This is a glimpse of a world we don’t know very much about yet.”
While Chin and her colleagues are still working to understand the timing of the fossil burrows as they relate to the K-T extinction boundary, Chin said she believes that they likely were made within a few thousand years after the extinction event. Future studies should help narrow that window, said Chin, who also is curator of paleontology at the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History.
Chin gave a presentation on the new findings at the 2011 annual meeting of the Geological Society of America being held this week in Minneapolis. Co-authors on the study were A.A. Ekdale of the University of Utah and Dean Pearson of the Pioneer Trails Regional Museum in Bowman, N.D.
The three-dimensional burrows were found at the interface of a layer of coal and a layer of siltstone in southwestern North Dakota by Pearson, who has spent many years studying K-T boundary sites in the state. The decomposing organic matter in the ancient environment would have provided a food source for the worms. A few of the burrows were topped by a thin layer of coal, suggesting that the underlying coal may contain additional, earlier worm burrows that are not readily apparent, Chin said.
The clay boundary layer laid down at the end of the Cretaceous Period is associated with high levels of iridium, an element rare in Earth’s crust but abundant in asteroids. The Manhattan-sized asteroid plowed into Earth at 150 times the speed of a jet airliner and is thought to have released about a billion times more energy than the Hiroshima atomic bomb, triggering tremendous dust and ash storms, wildfires, tsunamis, mega-earthquakes and dark, cold “nuclear winter” conditions for a time.
The North Dakota fossil worm burrows indicate the creatures probably were about the diameter of an average earthworm. The burrows indicate horizontal rather than vertical movement through the substrate, likely reflecting feeding activity, Chin said.
The study indicates the burrows were made in a peat-producing, bog-like environment that eventually was buried by sediment. Chin said the worms must have been capable of withstanding the challenging environmental stresses of flooded habitats, including prolonged inundation, low oxygen and acidic conditions.
Since the ancient burrows were filled by sediment, they actually are “positive casts” of the trails made by the worms. The burrows are examples of “trace fossils,” which also include tracks and fossilized feces, or coprolites. “When we reconstruct past environments, soft-bodied animals like worms get short-shrift since they don’t stand out in the fossil record like animals with mineralized skeletons,” said Chin. Ekdale, an expert on trace fossils, was key in analyzing the worm burrows, Chin said.
Chin said extensive work on plant fossils both before and after the K-T boundary event by Denver Museum of Nature and Science Chief Curator Kirk Johnson and his colleagues helped Chin and her research team to characterize the environment inhabited by the burrowers. Johnson’s research helped establish that terrestrial plants suffered heavy losses during the K-T extinction event, as did non-avian dinosaurs and many other terrestrial and marine organisms.
The K-T boundary commonly refers to the dividing line between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. Geologists now refer to it as the Cretaceous-Paleogene, or K-Pg boundary event. While a number of vertebrates survived the event — including birds, snakes, lizards, turtles, fish and small mammals — fossil burrows provide direct evidence of animal activity that skeletal fossils cannot show, said Chin. “The fact that the burrows are so close to the K-T boundary is one reason they are so exciting.”
-CU-
‘Green Living: Saving Energy This Season’
Sep 29th
Fall weather is upon us and we find ourselves switching between the heater and the AC in the same day, driving up the costs of our utility bills. Think green this fall and winter, save the earth and save your money. Winter heating costs have risen in the last few years making it more enticing to go green and be energy efficient this year.
You may all ready be thinking about going green to save some money, but how do I do get there? Well let me tell you. The first idea is to shop around electric providers. Compare the rate per kwh and see if you could save money by switching companies. The second idea if you have some money to spend is to upgrade your heating source. Yes, there is a large upfront cost, but for most upgrades you will see the return on your investment in a few short years. Upgrades could be things around the home like installing energy efficient windows or upgrading to an energy efficient water heater. You may even receive a tax credit for installing these upgrades.
Don’t have the money to upgrade, don’t sweat it. There are easy tricks that are cheap to save some money on your bill. On a cool night, walk through your house and find if there are and drafts coming from the windows, doors, or attic. Then take a trip to your favorite local hardware store and pick up some supplies for a quick do it yourself fix. You’ll like yourself in January.
You know how cold it gets during the winter, so while the days are still reaching the high 80’s, look into fixing up some things around the home. It will help keep some cash in your wallet.
Bill Allen, Realtor @ RE/MAX of Boulder, ballen@boulderco.com
