Posts tagged rest
CU study: Spruce beetle infestation in N. Colo. tied to drought
Oct 10th
The new study is important because it shows that drought is a better predictor of spruce beetle outbreaks in northern Colorado than temperature alone, said lead study author Sarah Hart, a CU-Boulder doctoral student in geography. Drought conditions appear to decrease host tree defenses against spruce beetles, which attack the inner layers of bark, feeding and breeding in the phloem, a soft inner bark tissue, which impedes tree growth and eventually kills vast swaths of forest.
Spruce beetles, like their close relatives, mountain pine beetles, are attacking large areas of coniferous forests across the West. While the mountain pine beetle outbreak in the Southern Rocky Mountains is the best known and appears to be the worst in the historical record, the lesser known spruce beetle infestation has the potential to be equally or even more devastating in Colorado, said Hart, lead author on the new study.
“It was interesting that drought was a better predictor for spruce beetle outbreaks than temperature,” said Hart of the geography department. “The study suggests that spruce beetle outbreaks occur when warm and dry conditions cause stress in the host trees.”
A paper on the subject was published online in the journal Ecology. Co-authors include CU-Boulder geography Professor Thomas Veblen; former CU-Boulder graduate student Karen Eisenhart, now at Edinboro University of Pennsylvania; and former CU-Boulder students Daniel Jarvis and Dominik Kulakowski, now at Clark University in Worcester, Mass. The National Science Foundation and the National Geographic Society funded the study.
The new study also puts to rest false claims that fire suppression in the West is the trigger for spruce beetle outbreaks, said Veblen.
Spruce beetles range from Alaska to Arizona and live in forests of Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir trees in Colorado. The CU-Boulder study area included sites in the White River, Routt, Arapaho, Roosevelt and Grand Mesa national forests as well as in Rocky Mountain National Park.
The CU-Boulder team assembled a long-term record of spruce beetle outbreaks from the northern Front Range to the Grand Mesa in western Colorado using a combination of historical documents and tree ring data from 1650 to 2011. Broad-scale outbreaks were charted by the team from 1843-1860, 1882-1889, 1931-1957 and 2004 to 2010.
The researchers used a variety of statistical methods to tease out causes for variations in the dataset at 18 sites in Colorado. “The extent to which we could distinguish between the warming signals and the drought signals was surprising,” said Veblen. “These are two things that easily can get mixed together in most tree ring analyses.”
There are several lines of evidence that drought is the main driver of the spruce beetle outbreak. The new study showed when northwest Colorado was in a warm, wet climate period from 1976 to 1998, for example, both spruce beetle reproduction and tree defenses like “pitching” beetles out of tree interiors with resin were likely high. But during that period of warming, outbreak was minimal.
The strongest climate correlation to spruce beetle outbreaks was above average annual values for the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation, or AMO, a long-term phenomenon that changes sea-surface temperatures in the North Atlantic. Believed to shift from cool to warm phases roughly every 60 years, positive AMO conditions are linked to warmer and drier conditions over much of North America, including the West.
Veblen said the AMO shifted from its cool to warm phase in the 1990s, meaning the climate phenomenon could be contributing to drought conditions in the West into the middle of this century. A 2006 tree-ring study involving Veblen, his former student, Thomas Kitzberger and researchers from several other institutions concluded that the warm phase of AMO also was correlated to increased wildfires in the West.
In addition to AMO, the researchers looked at two other ocean-atmosphere oscillations — the El Nino Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation — as well as past temperatures, precipitation and aridity to better understand the spruce beetle outbreaks. The team found that another effective predictor of drought conditions was summer “vapor pressure deficit,” a measurement of atmospheric dryness, said Veblen.
In the new study, the researchers were particularly interested in “radial growth” rates of tree rings from sub-canopy trees of various species in the study areas that thrived following outbreaks. One hallmark of spruce beetle outbreaks is that slow radial growth rates in such areas are followed by extremely rapid radial growth rates, an indication smaller trees flourish in the absence of the larger spruce trees because of decreased competition for water and increased opportunities for photosynthesis, said Hart.
The area of high-elevation forests affected by spruce beetles is growing in the West, Hart said. “In 2012, U.S. Forest Service surveys indicated that more area was under attack by spruce beetles than mountain pine beetles in the Southern Rocky Mountains, which includes southern Wyoming, Colorado and northern New Mexico,” she said. “The drought conditions that promote spruce beetle outbreak are expected to continue.”
One big concern about spruce beetle outbreaks is their effects on headwater streams that are important for water resources, said Veblen. “In the short term, trees killed by spruce beetles will lead to less water use by trees and more water discharge into streams. But in the long term, the absence of the trees killed by beetles may lead to less persistence of snow and earlier runoff.”
Veblen said it might seem counterintuitive to some that spruce-fir subalpine forests in Colorado are larger by area than lodgepole/ponderosa pine forests. “It is probably because spruce and subalpine forests are found in more remote areas not as visible to most people,” he said. “But potentially, the current spruce beetle outbreak could affect a larger area than the mountain pine beetle outbreak.”
The study had its beginnings in 1986, when Veblen and his students began compiling spruce and subalpine fir tree rings from various study sites in the Colorado mountains. Tree rings from individual trees — which carry information about weather, climate and even events like volcanic eruptions — can be matched up and read with rings from other trees, much like the pages of a book, from year to year and even from season to season.
-CU-
Playing inspired volleyball, Buffs whip No.11 UCLA
Sep 28th
The win snapped a 41-match losing streak to ranked opponents
BOULDER— The University of Colorado played inspiring volleyball on Friday night to defeat No. 11 UCLA in front of a crowd of almost 2,800 at the Coors Events Center 3-1 (27-29, 25-15, 24-26, 25-23, 15-12).
The win is the first ever for the Buffs against the Bruins and it’s also just the third time CU has ever taken a set or more against UCLA. CU improved to 9-2 (1-1 Pac-12) with the win, while UCLA fell to 9-3 (0-2 Pac-12).
“This is the most exciting night I have been a part of here, not just because of the victory, but because of the effort on the court and what the administration did [as far as marketing goes] to pack this place,” coach Liz Kritza said. “It was really a significant night for our program to be able to take out the No. 11-ranked team in the country in front of a crowd like this on our home court. It’s a milestone for our program. Excitement doesn’t do it justice.”
This was the first win for the Buffs over a ranked team since 2008 when they defeated No. 2 Nebraska in four sets (25-19, 27-25, 18-25, 25-16), snapping a 41-match losing streak to ranked opponents.
“I couldn’t be more proud about how we came back tonight,” Kritza said. “I like that these kids have guts, they’re fearless, and most importantly that they play different roles even when I am subbing people in and out. They all get the focuses and the purposes, that’s why we are able to do that, because we are a good team.”
“It’s so exciting to be a part of something bigger than yourself,” junior outside hitter Taylor Simpson said about the win. “It’s so awesome that I can’t put it in words. I can’t wait to see what we do with the rest of the season.”
Simpson led the Buffs with 15 kills and both Nikki Lindow and Neira Ortiz Ruiz hammered 14 kills each. Lindow had a monster game as she also added a career-high 12 blocks, which tied the fourth best in CU history and hit a team-high .464 with just one error on 28 swings.
Kelsey English and Kerra Schroeder each had eight kills in the victory. English had three block assists and Schroeder helped defensively with 11 digs. Simpson also earned her fifth double-double this season with 15 digs and added six blocks. Nicole Edelman handed out a career-best 56 assists and added four kills and 12 digs. Cierra Simpson also came up with 15 digs in the victory.
As a team, the Buffs recorded 69 kills and hit .211 while UCLA had 66 kills and hit .169. The Buffs also out-blocked UCLA 17.0-12.0 and had the slight edge in digs (72-71).
“What’s even better is that we showed some serious teamwork tonight.” Lindow said. “It was the most calm feeling I have ever had on the court. We had confidence in our eyes and no question on how to handle this game even in the fourth set. It was the greatest feeling I have ever felt while being a part of this team.”
The Bruins had two players with 18 kills each, Mariana Aquino and Karsta Lowe. Karly Drolson led the Bruins with a career-high 23 digs and Zoe Nightingale recorded a team-high nine blocks.
Colorado played a very close set with the Bruins despite falling behind 12-6 to start the game. CU came back to tie the score at 20-20 and from that point, it was a back and forth battle to the end. The Buffs fought off four UCLA set points before the Bruins were able to put together two straight points to take the frame 29-27. CU had 19 kills in the set and hit .233 while UCLA recorded 14 kills and hit .286.
The Buffs used the momentum they gained from the end of the first set and pounced on UCLA, taking a 9-6 lead in the second set. The Buffs were hot and continued to add to their lead, going up 20-12. The Bruins didn’t have an answer and CU easily finished the set 25-15. The Buffs hit .233 in the set and held the Bruins to -.024.
UCLA took the advantage to start the third set (7-3), but the Buffs rallied back to even the score with a 4-0 run (7-7). The Buffs took their first lead of the set at 11-10 with a kill from Ortiz Ruiz and added to their lead with a 6-2 run to take a 17-12 advantage. UCLA got back within two points at 19-17 and tied the score two points later.
After a CU timeout, the Bruins took the lead back with a kill (20-19), but Taylor Simpson answered for the Buffs with her own kill (20-20). The score was tied again at 21-21 before UCLA went up 24-22. CU fought off two set points with kills from Lindow and Taylor Simpson to tie the set again (24-24). This time the Bruins used a timeout and took the first two points out of the break to win the set 26-24.
UCLA got out to a 12-2 lead in the fourth set. CU started to come back slowly and forced the Bruins to take a timeout at 12-6 after four straight points. After the break, the Buffs added three straight points to bring the score to 12-9 and completed the comeback by tying the score at 15-15. CU went ahead for the first time in the set at 18-17 after a huge block from English and Taylor Simpson. The Buffs took a two-point lead at 22-20 to force UCLA to call its final timeout of the set, after which CU would go up 24-21 on the Bruins. UCLA fought off the first two set points (24-23), which made CU spend a timeout. Out of the break, Ortiz Ruiz finished the set with a kill (25-23).
The fifth set was another battle for the two teams. CU took an 8-7 lead at the side-change and went up 9-7. After a quick UCLA break, the Buffs added to their lead, going up 11-8. The Bruins weren’t just going to go away and snatched the following two points, forcing CU to take a timeout. Lindow hammered a kill to give the Buffs a two-point cushion (12-10). UCLA took the following point, but the Buffs didn’t get discouraged and were able to finish the set and the match 15-12. CU hit .625 in the final set with 10 kills and no errors on 16 attacks.
“I do want to say thank you to State Farm, they sponsored this match,” Kritza said. “It was a significant contribution. It was a great atmosphere for our players. They got a bunch of tickets out to the community. It’s one of the best matches I have seen here for volleyball in the Coors Event Center. Thanks to the fans and to State Farm. I also have to give kudos to my assistant coaches for preparing this team and making good adjustments when needed.”
The Buffs will be back in action on Tuesday, October 1 with a contest against Wyoming in Laramie, Wyo. at 5 p.m.
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Boulder Rangers week: Homemade bombs found in Lefthand Creek, dog bites, assaults and trespass
Aug 23rd
• Two reports of criminal trespasses, one at Flatirons Vista Trailhead and the other at Doudy Draw.
• A report of a deer caught in an iron wrought fence. The deer had to be dispatched.
• A report of an assault near the North Wittemeyer property. Witnesses stated that a man was pulled out of a vehicle and beaten. Rangers assisted Sheriff’s Officers on this call but were unable to locate a suspect.
• A report of two dog bites. One hiker was charged and attacked by a Golden Retriever on the Gregory Canyon trail, while a boy scout was attacked by a Border Collie at the Green Mountain Summit.
Safety Reminder from Ranger Scott Wilkey:
To all;
I want to take this time to remind everyone that we live in a sometimes strange world.
A few days ago, a fisherman located what appeared to be a suspicious device in Left Hand Creek. I met with Boulder County Sheriff’s deputies there and upon investigation we determined that they were sufficiently suspicious to call the bomb squad.
The short story is that the devices were small homemade bombs with fuses.
They were about 6” long and made out of ½ or ¾ inch PVC pipe. They had end caps and fuses. Both devices were very powerful and dangerous despite having been in the creek for who knows how long.
I urge all OSMP folks in the field to take caution. We all see a lot of different things out there but if it seems suspicious to you…
CALL A RANGER.
I know I speak for all of us when I say that we have no problem responding to check out a suspicious device, person or situation.
Please be safe out there, everyone.
Volunteer Day at Cure Organic Farm
We had 25 volunteers show up to help harvest tomatoes and new potatoes at Cure Organic Farm on Thursday, August 15th. Before heading out into the fields, Lauren Kolb, ag resource specialist, spoke about this history of agriculture in Boulder County and how Open Space is helping to keep this rich agricultural tradition going by providing leasable land for farmers and ranchers.
Anne Cure, a three year tenant of the Eccher parcel on Valmont Road, talked about the evolution of her operation. Anne started Cure Organic Farm with 4 acres and an 80-family CSA. Today, Anne has expanded her operation to 12 certified-organic acres which supports a 185-family CSA. Anne typifies a diversified operation, not only in the number of vegetables she grows, but also with a variety of other revenue streams: a day camp for kids, cut flowers, two farmers markets, 12 restaurant customers, and a menagerie of animals including ducks, chickens, sheep, and pigs. Expanding onto OSMP property has allowed Anne to de-intensify her production: instead of growing three vegetable crops on the same piece of land in a single growing season, she can give the land a rest by planting cover crops to allow the soil organic matter to rebuild.
With the help of our volunteer crew, Anne harvested 332 pounds of heirloom tomatoes and 2,622 pounds of potatoes for her CSA and farmers’ market, much to the delight of her interns. After finishing in the field, Anne treated the volunteers to some extra produce—potatoes, squash, radishes, chard, and zucchini! We’ll be sure to be back in September and October to help with peak harvest.
Trailheads
Jay Jones and crew built a new ADA compliant picnic / meeting site, on the pathway for Crown Rock.
Last week:
- Hauled building stone to work site at Crown rock
- Removed old table and excavated footprint for improved picnic area
- Dug bench for rock wall
- Installed two tier rock wall and graded surface
Jennelle Freeston
Coordinator of Volunteer Services
City of Boulder Open Space and Mountain Parks
66 South Cherryvale Rd.
Boulder, CO 80303
FreestonJ@bouldercolorado.gov
Phone: 303-413-7656
Cell: 303-818-6972
www.osmp.org