Posts tagged space
Boulder County cropland policy gets a “C” for compromise
Dec 20th
Commissioners adopt Boulder County Cropland Policy
Boulder County, Colo. – The Boulder County Board of Commissioners voted unanimously today to adopt the county Cropland Policy with some additional recommendations.
The policy, which has been under development throughout the last two years, includes the conditional approval of some genetically engineered crops. The approval includes corn, which has been allowed since 2003, and directs staff to develop protocols for the planting of sugar beets.
The additional recommendations will ensure that Roundup Ready crops are not planted year-after-year and maintain crop rotation to prevent herbicide-resistant weeds from developing on public lands. Additionally, a notification program will be established to inform Boulder County land managers and neighboring private farms and landowners when any new genetically engineered crop is to be planted on public land.
Statement from Commissioners Ben Pearlman, Cindy Domenico and Will Toor:
First and foremost we would like to thank the thousands of people who have been involved in the process of crafting this policy. From the staff and advisory group members who poured months of research into the process, to the input and comments we received from all segments of the community, we are most appreciative of this massive collective effort. Working on this policy has been one of the biggest challenges each of us has faced as elected officials, and also one of the most educational and worthwhile processes we have undertaken. It is important to note that 83 of the 86 recommendations included in the policy are universally accepted.
The Cropland Policy deals with agricultural land publicly owned by Boulder County. In other words, this policy affects only about 10 percent of the farms located in Boulder County and about 15 percent of the county’s cropland. We know that we must continue working with all public land farmers – conventional and organic – to farm this agricultural land, and farm it well, to increase local food production, prevent takeover by noxious weeds, and use best practices to preserve the land for future generations.
We have already implemented policies to promote agriculture on our public lands, including the application of lease revenues back into farming, supporting better infrastructure like improved water delivery systems and crop storage, and helping small-market and organic farmers get onto the land and become productive. We have also taken specific measures to increase organic farming on public land. This includes rent reduction for those transitioning to organic and funding the expansion of the Longmont farmers market.
We have worked steadily to train new farmers, particularly those interested in organic farms, and county open space land under organic production or transition has increased dramatically – from less than 150 acres in 2005 to more than 1,500 acres in 2012. That is 10 percent of our public cropland, or about 15 times the national average of .7 percent. However, even as we push toward increased organic, a large percentage of our land will be in conventional production for years to come
The Cropland Policy we have adopted provides more detail on how we will manage these resources in a balanced way into the future. In crafting this policy, we’ve heard loud and clear from the public that people want local food produced by local farmers that is healthy, grown with less pesticide, and that provides as much value as possible out of each crop. This leads us to highlight our need to diversify, to support a great variety of farms, crops and farmers. With 30 percent of Boulder County residents living at just 200 percent of the national poverty rate, we need make our local food system work for everyone in the most cost-effective way possible.
Following a thorough review process and meeting strict protocols, genetically modified field corn was approved as a crop on Open Space lands in 2003. Pollen drift studies for five years confirmed that the protocols were effective. No issues have been raised over that time by organic producers. 
Now, as tenant farmers have applied to plant genetically engineered sugar beets, we have looked even further into the issue. What we have seen locally as farmers have moved to genetically engineered corn and sugar beets are reductions in the toxicity and amount of pesticide and herbicide used, as well as reductions in erosion and runoff as farmers have been able to turn to strip tilling and low tilling practices. We have also seen significant increases in yield coupled with a decreasing carbon footprint resulting from fewer passes across the field to deliver pesticides and herbicides.
Farming is a struggle, as we have heard from each farmer we have visited. We cannot take tools away without replacing them with real options. We need to move forward, acknowledging agriculture’s complexity and celebrating its diversity. We know that Boulder County farmers have always used crop rotation as a best practice and that rotation will continue to benefit croplands by stifling the emergence herbicide-resistant weeds.
However, genetically modified crops come with downsides, and many people have expressed concerns about the crops’ food safety risks and impacts on human health. While additional study is necessary, science indicates that the health impact on humans is not likely to be significant and the risks associated with genetically modified foods are not likely to be higher than those associated with a variety of types of conventional breeding. With that in mind, we still believe that consumer choice is important and that people should have the ability to choose not to eat them. To that end, we strongly support labeling and will include this in the county’s federal legislative agenda.
We believe an outright ban of genetically engineered crops on our land is not the right direction to take. With appropriate safeguards, they can be a part of the overall mix of uses on cropland. Moreover, appropriate protocols for planting and managing these crops are absolutely necessary, including evaluating any future crops that become available based on their individual characteristics. In particular, we do not support the use of any additional glyphosate tolerant crops that would be in rotation with corn or sugar beets, as we do not support the use of Roundup on the same lands year after year.
We have always been about co-existence in Boulder County. Large and small farms sit side-by-side. Organic farmers and conventional farmers, on private and public land, work just over the fence line with respect for one another, neighbors working together. Farmers in Boulder County must pursue a variety of options in order to remain viable and if we want local food sources, we must allow local producers to grow crops that are profitable.
Most importantly, we believe that the changes we want to see on our cropland – the meaningful efforts to produce locally grown food for Boulder County markets– will occur as a result of our continued cooperation with local farmers. One thing that has been clear in this process is that a broad cross section of the community supports the goal of increasing local food production for local consumption. The county is committed to working with the farmers, with the local natural foods industry, and with other stakeholders to expand the local food system.
Again, we want to say how much we appreciate the large number of residents and members of the farming community who contributed to the lively and informational debate that influenced and guided our decisions.
-BoulderCounty.org-
Boulder County: Artist in residence sought for historic, scenic digs
Dec 8th
Boulder County unveils Artist-in-Residency Program at Caribou Ranch Open Space
Boulder County, Colo. – The Boulder County Parks and Open Space Department is accepting applications for the 2012 Artist-in-Residency Program at Caribou Ranch Open Space.
The program provides an opportunity for artists to pursue their work in the inspiring landscape and history of Caribou Ranch. By sharing their art with Boulder County, artists can add to residents’ enjoyment of their open space lands and create a legacy of art preserved for future generations. Musicians, painters, illustrators, photographers, visual/film artists, sculptors, performers, poets, writers, composers and crafts/artisans are all welcome to apply.
Each year, from July through September, selected artists will stay in the historic DeLonde Barn at Caribou Ranch Open Space for up to seven days. The open space property offers a variety of landscapes to explore including streams, waterfalls, forests, and beautiful vistas. Moose, elk, black bears, beavers, bats and nearly 90 species of birds live within or pass through the area.
Also found on the property is the Blue Bird Mine complex where miners from the 1870s to the 1960s extracted silver ore. In the early 1900s, the site was a whistle stop for the Denver, Boulder & Western Railroad.
The application deadline is Feb. 15. For more information, program guidelines and an online application, visit the department’s webpage atwww.BoulderCountyOpenSpace.org or contact Pascale Fried at 303-678-6201.
CU Boulder researchers: You think it’s cold now?
Dec 5th
EARLY EARTH MAY HAVE BEEN PRONE TO
DEEP FREEZES, SAYS CU-BOULDER STUDY
DEEP FREEZES, SAYS CU-BOULDER STUDY
Two University of Colorado Boulder researchers who have adapted a three-dimensional, general circulation model of Earth’s climate to a time some 2.8 billion years ago when the sun was significantly fainter than present think the planet may have been more prone to catastrophic glaciation than previously believed.
The new 3-D model of the Archean Eon on Earth that lasted from about 3.8 billion years to 2.5 billion years ago, incorporates interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, land, ice and hydrological cycles, said CU-Boulder doctoral student Eric Wolf of the atmospheric and oceanic sciences department. Wolf has been using the new climate model — which is based on the Community Earth System Model maintained by the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder — in part to solve the “faint young sun paradox” that occurred several billion years ago when the sun’s output was only 70 to 80 percent of that today but when geologic evidence shows the climate was as warm or warmer than now..
In the past, scientists have used several types of one-dimensional climate models — none of which included clouds or dynamic sea ice — in an attempt to understand the conditions on early Earth that kept it warm and hospitable for primitive life forms. But the 1-D model most commonly used by scientists fixes Earth’s sea ice extent at one specific level through time despite periodic temperature fluctuations on the planet, said Wolf.
“The inclusion of dynamic sea ice makes it harder to keep the early Earth warm in our 3-D model,” Wolf said. “Stable, global mean temperatures below 55 degrees Fahrenheit are not possible, as the system will slowly succumb to expanding sea ice and cooling temperatures. As sea ice expands, the planet surface becomes highly reflective and less solar energy is absorbed, temperatures cool, and sea ice continues to expand.”
Wolf and CU-Boulder Professor Brian Toon are continuing to search for the heating mechanism that apparently kept Earth warm and habitable back then, as evidenced by liquid oceans and primordial life forms. While their calculations show an atmosphere containing 6 percent carbon dioxide could have done the trick by keeping the mean temperatures at 57 degrees F, geological evidence from ancient soils on early Earth indicate such high concentrations of CO2 were not present at the time.
The CU-Boulder researchers are now looking at cloud composition and formation, the hydrological cycle, movements of continental masses over time and heat transport through Earth’s system as other possible modes of keeping early Earth warm enough for liquid water to exist. Wolf gave a presentation on the subject at the annual American Geophysical Union meeting held Dec. 5-9 in San Francisco.
Toon said 1-D models essentially balance the amount of sunshine reaching the atmosphere, clouds, and Earth’s terrestrial and aquatic surfaces with the amount of “earthshine” being emitted back into the atmosphere, clouds, and space, primarily in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. “The advantage of a 3-D model is that the transport of energy across the planet and changes in all the components of the climate system can be considered in addition to the basic planetary energy balance.”
In the new 3-D model, preventing a planet-wide glaciation requires about three times more CO2 than predicted by the 1-D models, said Wolf. For all warm climate scenarios generated by the 3-D model, Earth’s mean temperature about 2.8 billion years ago was 5 to 10 degrees F warmer than the 1-D model, given the same abundance of greenhouse gases. “Nonetheless, the 3-D model indicates a roughly 55 degrees F mean temperature was still low enough to trigger a slide by early Earth into a runaway glacial event, causing what some scientists call a ‘Snowball Earth,’” said Wolf.
“The ultimate point of this study is to determine what Earth was like around the time that life arose and during the first half of the planet’s history,” said Toon. “It would have been shrouded by a reddish haze that would have been difficult to see through, and the ocean probably was a greenish color caused by dissolved iron in the oceans. It wasn’t a blue planet by any means.” By the end of the Archean Eon some 2.5 billion year ago, oxygen levels rose quickly, creating an explosion of new life on the planet, he said.
Testing the new 3-D model has required huge amounts of supercomputer computation time, said Toon, who also is affiliated with CU-Boulder’s Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics. A single calculation for the study run on CU-Boulder’s powerful new Janus supercomputer can take up to three months.
The CU-Boulder study was funded by a NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship to Wolf as well as a grant from the NASA Exobiology and Evolutionary Biology Program.
Toon will be presented with AGU’s Roger Revelle Medal for innovative work on the effects of aerosols on clouds and climate at the 2011 San Francisco meeting. The Revelle Medal is presented annually to a scientist who has shown outstanding accomplishments or contributions toward the understanding Earth’s climate systems
